Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm

In this work the risk posed to seawater organisms, predators and humans is assessed, as a consequence of exposure to 12 organic micro-pollutants, namely metronidazole, trimethoprim, erythromycin, simazine, flumequine, carbaryl, atrazine, diuron, terbutryn, irgarol, diphenyl sulphone (DPS) and 2-thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB). The risk assessment study is based on a 1-year monitoring study at a Spanish marine fish farm, involving passive sampling techniques. The results showed that the risk threshold for irgarol concerning seawater organisms is exceeded. On the other hand, the risk to predators and especially humans through consumption of fish is very low, due to the low bioconcentration potential of the substances assessed.     

Life Cycle Considerations for Improving Sustainability Assessments in Seafood Awareness Campaigns

It is widely accepted that improving the sustainability of seafood production requires efforts to reverse declines in global fisheries due to overfishing and to reduce the impacts to host ecosystems from fishing and aquaculture production technologies. Reflective of on-going dialogue amongst participants in an international research project applying Life Cycle Assessment to better understand and manage global salmon production systems, we argue here that such efforts must also address the wider range of biophysical, ecological, and socioeconomic impacts stemming from the material and energetic throughput associated with these industries. This is of particular relevance given the interconnectivity of global environmental change, ocean health, and the viability of seafood production in both fisheries and aquaculture. Although the growing popularity of numerous ecolabeling, certification, and consumer education programs may be making headway in influencing Western consumer perceptions of the relative sustainability of alternative seafood products, we also posit that the efficacy of these initiatives in furthering sustainability objectives is compromised by the use of incomplete criteria. An emerging body of Life Cycle Assessment research of fisheries and aquaculture provides valuable insights into the biophysical dimensions of environmental performance in alternative seafood production and consumption systems, and should be used to inform a more holistic approach to labeling, certifying, and educating for sustainability in seafood production. More research, however, must be undertaken to develop novel techniques for incorporating other critical dimensions, in particular, socioeconomic considerations, into our sustainability decision-making.     

What makes institutional crafting successful? Applying the SES to case studies from India and the greater Mekong Region

Using two very different empirical settings, this paper emphasizes the required conditions for the successful crafting of sustainable institutions. In the first setting, different farmer groups in Cambodia and Vietnam try to establish a collective approach for small-scale community-based aquaculture and fail. In the second setting, the collective initiatives of urban women in India are analysed. The Indian women succeed in their objective of a fuel transition from firewood to gas cookers using a cooperative approach. Ostrom's variables identified in the “Multitier Framework for Analyzing Social–Ecological Systems (SES)” (Ostrom, 2007) are applied to local collective action initiatives in both settings to understand which factors make some of the groups succeed in their objectives and others fail. This research highlights the complexity as well as the uniqueness of different SESs. At the same time, the paper contributes to demonstrating the usability of the SES and certain variables to estimate the likelihood of success of self-organisation and crafting of rules. It highlights the relevance of certain conceptual variables for sustainable or unsustainable outcomes for different cases.     

闽江口养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量日进程特征

湿地围垦养殖是人类对于滨海湿地的主要干扰方式之一.以闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地围垦养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘为研究对象,利用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘秋季水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量日进程进行了观测并同步测定了地面气象及表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量均具有明显的日变化特征,2种养殖塘整体上均表现为吸收CO2的汇,CO2通量平均值分别为-48.79 mg·（m2·h）-1和-105.25 mg·（m2·h）-1,排放CH4的源,CH4通量平均值分别为1.00 mg.（m2.h）-1和5.74 mg·（m2·h）-1,鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CH4排放量和CO2吸收量均高于养虾塘.养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量受到诸多环境因子的影响,多元逐步回归分析结果表明,对于养虾塘,叶绿素a是影响其水-大气界面CO2通量日变化的主要环境因子,PO34-和SO24-是影响水-大气界面CH4通量日变化的主要环境要素;鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2通量主要受到水温、叶绿素a的影响,而溶解氧、PO34-和pH是影响其CH4通量的主要环境因子。     

亚热带浅水池塘水-气界面甲烷通量特征

为研究亚热带富营养化浅水池塘水-气界面CH_4释放通量特征,以宜昌地区5个浅水池塘为对象,利用静态通量箱法进行了为期一年的水-气界面CH_4通量监测.结果表明,这5个池塘CH_4的年释放量分别为4.495、12.702、6.827、8.920、17.560 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1).其中扩散通量分别为0.075、0.087、0.118、0.086、0.151 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),冒泡通量分别为4.420、12.616、6.709、8.834、17.409 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),CH_4冒泡量占CH_4释放总量的98%以上,并且CH_4释放量明显高于其他水域生态系统(湖泊、水库).可见在富营养化浅水水域中,CH_4释放量较大,且冒泡排放是CH_4的主要排放方式,而只关注扩散排放而忽略冒泡排放则会大大低估CH_4释放量.     

Intensification,regulation and diversification: The changing face of inland aquaculture in China

Trends in aquatic food consumption were matched against farm production surveys within Hubei province and compared to official production data and statistics. Surveys showed that consumer tastes were changing to a much broader aquatic food menu as their spending power increased. Traditional aquaculture species were becoming less profitable due to reduced profit margins as input costs increased and consumption preferences changed. Consequently, many producers were diversifying their production to meet local demand. Some farmers were also de-intensifying by reducing commercial aquafeed inputs and reverting to more traditional methods of dyke-crop culture to optimise trade-offs between input costs and labour, and manage their risk more effectively. In addition, analysis of local data showed that wholesale changes were occurring to aquaculture production as environmental protection legislation took effect which reduced the growing area for carps considerably.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01503-3.     

养殖塘CH4排放特征及其影响因素

富营养化的养殖塘是重要的甲烷(CH_4)排放源.为明确养殖塘CH_4排放特征及其影响因素,本研究利用倒置漏斗法和体积扩散模型法,分别对安徽全椒两个养殖塘冬、春季CH_4冒泡通量和扩散通量进行了多日连续观测.结果表明,冬季CH_4冒泡通量白天高于夜间,夜间几乎为零;春季夜间高于白天.在季节尺度上,冬季CH_4冒泡通量显著低于春季,分别为3. 92mg·(m~2·d)-1和106. 94 mg·(m~2·d)-1;冬季CH_4扩散通量略高于春季,分别为2. 81 mg·(m~2·d)-1和0. 87 mg·(m~2·d)-1.自然因素(水温和气压)与CH_4冒泡通量和扩散通量显著相关.其中随水温的升高、气压的降低,CH_4冒泡通量分别呈指数递增和线性递增趋势.人工管理措施(冬季排水和春季施粪)会显著提高CH_4冒泡通量,但对扩散通量的影响并不显著.在冬季排水期间,水深与CH_4冒泡通量显著负相关;在春季鸡粪投放点,CH_4冒泡通量可高达1002. 30 mg·(m~2·d)-1.本研究可为评估小型养殖塘对全球碳循环的贡献提供数据支撑.     

河口陆基养虾塘沉积物铁的含量和形态

为研究河口陆基养殖塘底泥中铁的迁移和转化机制,本文测定了福建省3个河口养虾塘养殖期表层和亚表层底泥沉积物中活性铁含量及间隙水的常见组分.结果表明,不同站点间晶质Fe（III）、非硫Fe（II）、有机铁、铁硫化物含量存在显著差异.间隙水SO₄^2-和Cl^-可能是影响不同站点间Fe的形态和分布存在异质性的主要环境影响因子之一.盐度较高的养虾塘,铁的硫化物含量较高,有机铁和晶质Fe（III）含量较少.陆基养虾塘底泥沉积物中活性铁含量按固相Fe（III） > 铁硫化物 > 非硫Fe（II） > 有机铁的顺序排列.养虾塘亚表层沉积物铁硫化物（FeS和FeS₂）含量高于表层沉积物,而表层沉积物有机铁含量与间隙水SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度高于亚表层沉积物.铁硫化物的生成一定程度上降低河口陆基养虾塘沉积物营养盐污染的潜在风险.     

基于粒计算的尾矿库安全评价不确定性研究

为了进一步提高尾矿库的安全管理水平，更好地预防和控制尾矿库事故，分析了尾矿库安全评价不确定性的3个来源:地理环境的不确定性、评价依据的不确定性、评价过程的不确定性；结合粒计算的理论知识，对尾矿库安全评价的不确定性从一级粒度、二级粒度上进行研究，并构建尾矿库安全评价不确定性的商空间模型；根据模糊聚类方法，计算影响元素的相似矩阵，建立了尾矿库安全评价不确定性的影响因素的分层递阶结构。结果表明:该研究明确区分了尾矿库安全评价不确定性因素，有利于提高尾矿库评价结果的准确性。     

Ecological limitations and appropriation of ecosystem support by shrimp farming in Colombia

Shrimp farming in mangrove areas has grown dramatically in Asia and Latin America over the past decade. As a result, demand for resources required for farming, such as feed, seed, and clean water, has increased substantially. This study focuses on semiintensive shrimp culture as practiced on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. We estimated the spatial ecosystem support that is required to produce the food inputs, nursery areas, and clean water to the shrimp farms, as well as to process wastes. We also made an estimate of the natural and human-made resources necessary to run a typical semiintensive shrimp farm. The results show that a semiintensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support—the ecological footprint—that is 35–190 times larger than the surface area of the farm. A typical such shrimp farm appropriates about 295 J of ecological work for each joule of edible shrimp protein produced. The corresponding figure for industrial energy is 40:1. More than 80% of the ecological primary production required to feed the shrimps is derived from external ecosystems. In 1990 an area of 874–2300 km² of mangrove was required to supply shrimp postlarvae to the farms in Colombia, corresponding to a total area equivalent to about 20–50% of the country’s total mangrove area. The results were compared with similar estimates for other food production systems, particularly aquacultural ones. The comparison indicates that shrimp farming ranks as one of the most resource-intensive food production systems, characterizing it as an ecologically unsustainable throughput system. Based on the results, we discuss local, national, and regional appropriation of ecological support by the semiintensive shrimp farms. Suggestions are made for how shrimp farming could be transformed into a food production system that is less environmentally degrading and less dependent on external support areas.